Hardness of Water

INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATER:It is when water passes through or over deposit such as limestone; the level of Ca ²Ã¢  »and Mg ²Ã¢  ºand HCOâ‚Æ' ions present in the water can greatly increase and cause the water to be classified as hard water. This term results from the fact that cation and magnesium ions in water combine with soap molecules, making it hard to get suds. High level of water ion such as Ca ²Ã¢  » and Mg ²Ã¢  ºÃ‚  can cause scaly deposits in plumbing appliances & boilers.These two ions also combine chemically with soap molecules resulting in decreased cleansing. The American water works Association indicates that the ideal quality water should not contain more than 80mg/l of total hardness as CaCOâ‚Æ'. High levels of total hardness are not considered a health concern. There are two types of Hardness:Temporary hardness: this is due to the presence of bicorbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling. Permanent hardness: this is due to the presence of chlorides & sulphate of calcium & magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.MOTIVATIONI was bothered that the water in Ilara community doesn’t combine easily with soap leading to excessive consumption of WATER.ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE:Scales are formed as inner coating of the pipelines prevents corrosion Absolute soft waters are corrosive and dissolve metalsMore causes of cardio vascular diseases are reported in soft water areas Hard water is useful to growth of children due to the presence of calcium Hard water cause excessive consumption of soap used for cleaning purpose, sodium soaps react with multivalent metallic cations to form a precipitate, thereby lose their surfactant properties. Lathering doesn’t take place until all hardness ions precipitate out.APPARATUS Conical Flask {250ml} Burette with retort stand Beaker Wash bottles Standard flask PipettesMETHOD Simple titration methodREAGENTS Ammonium chloride Amm onium hydroxide Ilara-Mokin water {Hâ‚‚O} Magnesium sulphate Erichrome black T EDTA (Disodium salt).PREPARATION OF REAGENTS 1. Standard solution of EDTAThe usual reagent is the disodium salt, which is a dehydrate, Mr=372.24; it is available in sufficiently pure form to be used as a primary standard for most purposes. If necessary, it may be dried at 80 ° for four days to remove a small percentage of water that may have been absorbed. The solution should be stored in plastic containers rather than glass bottles. The solution is stable but if stored in glass bottles (particularly if the glass is new), the concentration of a dilute solution will decrease appreciably with time as metal ions are extracted out of the glass. To prepare 2 1 of the reagent, dissolve 7.44g of the salt in enough deionized water to make exactly 2 1 of solution. 2. Buffer solution(pH 10)Add 17.5g of ammonium chloride to 142cm ³ of ammonium chloride to 142cm ³ of 0.88 ammonia solution and make up to 25 0cm ³ with deionized water. 3. Eriochrome Black T indicatorThis indicator can be purchased as a powder. The solid is hygroscopic, and so must be stored in a tightly stoppered container.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (testing of the Ilara-mokin water) We Pipetted 200ml of the water sample and transfer it to a clean 250ml conical flask. We Added 2ml of Ammonia buffer solution to the water sample so that the pH will be maintained between 9 & 10. We added few drops of EBT indicator to the conical flask and the sample turns to wine red in color. Before we started the titration; we rinsed the burette with few ml of EDTA  then Filled the burette with 0.02m EDTA solution & adjusted to zero then fixed it in retort stand. We titrated the sample against the EDTA solution in the burette till all calcium and magnesium ions present in the sample reacted with the EDTA.The appearance of blue color indicated that all Ca and Mg ions were complex with EDTA and forms a metal EDTA complex. i.e. the end poin t of the titration We Noted down the burette reading and repeated titration two more times.RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENTSAMPLE A FINAL READINNGS 1.50 1.40 1.40 INITIAL READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 TITRE VALUES 1.50 1.40 1.40Average titre value= 1.50 +1.40+1.40 =4.3 3 3  =1.43cm ³Ã‚  =1.43 x 20= 28.6 cm ³SAMPLE B FINAL READINGS 2.90 3.10 2.90 INITIAL READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 TITRE VALUES 2.90 3.10 2.90Average titre value=2.90+3.10+2.90 = 8.90 3 3  =2.97cm ³Ã‚  =2.97 x 20= 59.4cm ³

Interaction with teacher Essay

It was all what I wanted. It was what I dreamt of long before. But it was all taken for granted by the people around me. I was always the top student among all the six graders in our school, and due to that I am one of those whom they regards as their priceless gem because I always come up with something, like a new idea about a certain issue. I have been one of those sent for if there are contests. They say I act and think like an adult already. Not like any other regular students, I also happen to excel in sports and other curricular activities. I am also a runner. I have always been running on track since I was in grade three. I exerted much effort in it because it is my passion. Day after day I spend time in training and being exposed to tracks to win in future races but i never forget to maintain my good grades in my academics. In class, I have this very close teacher in Math. I also love Math at that time that is why I also like my teacher. It so happened that my Math teacher also happens to be our classroom adviser. Sometimes, after classes and I do not have any practice in the track, we always have chitchats and she would always advise me to pursue whatever dreams I have in mind and never to forget to remember the people around me that had help me in achieving things in life. She also told me not to be sidetracked and still give importance with my studies because that is the most important achievement in life. There were difficult times during my training but I still managed to persevere because I have a goal and that is to win. I never thought of quitting the training even how tired it gets. I continued to pursue my dreams and visions that one day I will reap my reward in due time if I will not fail and go frail. I can say that I am very determine and aggressive to reach my dreams that time. I think I just deserve every victory I get as i go along with my chosen path because of the diligence that I have manifested. Time came when I joined a race. Every people would know me would say that I have great chances of winning the first place because of my hard trainings and my trained skills. The event came and I was all set out to win the race but to my surprise, my coach talked to me in private and asked me not to win the first prize. I can be in second place or third place as long as I won’t be the champion. I was so devastated upon hearing this coming from my coach, my mentor, the one who served as my model. I wouldn’t know what to do. I was so troubled and kept thinking whether to agree and follow my coach or to go on the different way and achieve my dreams. It was the most difficult part of my life, to choose something that no one would be hurt. My conscience, my will to win and my loyalty to my coach we’re all fighting. What would I choose then? The event proper came, and the race started. I was on track and was leading. Many of my friends and families were all cheering for me. This made me more determined to go on faster and faster. The finish line is almost near when I remembered what my coach told me. My heart was beating as I saw the finish line. For the finish line would mean victory and success but for now, it meant devastation and tragedy for me. A few seconds before I reached the finish line I slowed down, giving the others opportunity to win. When I slowed down I noticed one girl who was always at my back during the track was now leading the race. Finally, the girl made it to the first place while I was the second placer. All my friends, families and relatives were all dismayed by what happened. They all expected that I would win the race. I was down and weary, to the point that it already affected my performance in school. I felt so ashamed and so coward for not fighting what is right. I have low self- esteem for quite some time and my grades got lower and lower. Then one Thursday afternoon, my Math teacher and classroom adviser called my attention. She and I talked in her office. I knew she was going to reprimand me for my poor performances at school. Well, at the back of my mind that time it was alright if she will reprimand me because I just deserve it. But to my surprise I was wrong, totally wrong. The moment I entered the room she smiled at me. Smile? Why would she smile to someone who is a loser? Then she offered me a seat. During those moments I am still very clueless on what would happen as we talk. Then she asked me if I am alright, so I said yes but I said it tears just fell on my eyes. She told me to be true to myself and whatever I feel I should share and let it out. So, I expressed my frustrations and everything that happened in the race. She told me that she understand why I was having low performances at school the past few weeks. But my life should not stop there. She told me that I am still very young and that many opportunities would still knock on my door and if that happens I should grab it immediately. She told me that everything happens for a reason and for a purpose that is to shape and mould us to become a much better person than what we are. She told me that my life should not end there because there is still so much in store for me in the future. Stubborn as I am, I told her that I do not want the future, what I want is now. She then answered me that I should live one day at a time and take one step at a time. With her words of wisdom, I was cheered. It really matters if you talk with someone who has a lot to say about life, like my teacher. I could not imagine that she would help me out because all along, I thought she was just a Math teacher, nothing more, but it was proven wrong. My teacher really touched my heart and transformed my life. After that talk, I started again and now with a positive outlook in life that no matter how I fall I should make a choice to rise up again. That was how I think even though I was just in sixth grade that time. Later it was found out that the father of the girl, who was the champion, paid my coach so that I won’t win at all. Imagine, all along my opponent knew that I was really something. They knew that I can really win the race that is why they were all threatened by my victory. I was a threat to everyone who was in the race that eventually made the father of the other girl bribe my coach to destroy my vision, my goals. But no matter how they put me down, the truth came out and it was on my side. Success, winning and victory are not about running a race after all. It is more of having a clear conscience that you made it that far because you never cheated, hurt anyone and stepped on other’s shoes for you own gain. I thank my teacher for the words of wisdom she has shared to me during the lowest point in my life. Teachers really do make a difference in this world. They are not just there to teach you academically but they are always there to support you and mould your being for you to become a better individual that every society dreams of having especially in this cruel world right now.

College Participation Essay

One of the best things we can do after high school is to continue our education by going to college. During a high school career fair, students may find themselves asking: â€Å"Why is it important to go to college? † Well, it is important because at college, students try new things, meet new people and expand their knowledge of the world. Higher education also improves their chances of having the lives and the job they always wanted. However, it is not as easy as they think. Students can get distracted by different things in college, which can prevent them from success and achieving their goals. In most cases, lack of class participation is one of the factors that could directly affect their education and increase their chances to quit college. Boring instructors and time management could be the obstacles for students to not participate in class activities. â€Å"My class is so boring†, â€Å"My instructor talks all the time†, â€Å"I fall asleep in my class†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ are popular sayings from college students. Why should students go to class when everything from the lectures can be found easily from the book? When the lectures are so boring and the instructors basically just represent the information from the book, students would think that it is not necessary for them to go class, so they skip. Moreover, there are instructors who just go to class with a mission: talk. They keep going on and on without any class activities for students to participate in. This makes class participation even harder for students who attend class regularly and have questions or topics they want to discuss. As a result, students easily fall asleep during the lectures. Next, time management could be considered one of the biggest barriers that prevents students from class participation. Part-time jobs, friends and school activities can occupy most of the time if students do not know how to manage their time well. College students may vary where they come from. They could be high school graduate students or people who come back after years to have higher education in order to achieve their goals. But, they all cannot fully function as well as normal if they had to work until 12 the night before and then go to class at 8 in the morning. Since some have to earn money for tuition, their jobs occupy most of their time rather than finishing their homework and preparing for classes in the next day. On the other hand, in college, students always meet new friends and new people, so hanging out with them will just be a part of a student’s schedule. It can put them in trouble if they cannot balance themselves between spending time on school work and friends. It is even harder for those who are school athletes. It is impossible for them to be able to finish their homework and to prepare for class after hours of sport practices. With unfinished homework, lack of sleep and no class preparation, students will just attend classes with empty brains. Despite great lectures from the instructors, they all will just fall asleep during class or hardly join class activities. As a result, lack of class participation would prevent students from deeply understanding the lectures, increasing their chances to fall in the path of getting bad grades on exam. Class participation helps student to interact with each other and with teacher. It is an opportunity for students to practice in-class problems in order to deeply understand the lectures. It also helps them to better prepare for the assignments and exams. Unlike in high school, in college, students may have to finish a book in a short quarter. Dealing with large amounts of information in the short time, students may find it difficult to memorize details from the lectures and the book if they do not understand the lectures in depth. If so, it becomes difficult for them be able to score high in the exam because a test in college usually covers at least three to four chapters. Thus, it would not be strange if they got bad grades in the exams. On the other hand, in some classes, participation in class could be counted as a participation grade which can affect the student’s grade in general. One more important thing is that the instructors sometimes use the discussion questions for the upcoming test, so it would be a big disadvantage for those who attended class but did not actually participate in class activities. By having too many bad grades, students will just drop out of class or, the worst thing could happen, they quit. Approximately three million students enroll in some form of college every year; however, 33% drop out each year. From lack of class participation, students will feel alone and school becomes the most boring place they have to go to every day. They do not see the importance of going to college. Students will just quit to find a job that can fit them in. In order to have students participate in class, instructors should have some strategies to make their lecture more interesting to students and create interactive activities such as rolling dice to have students answer question or group discussions†¦ However, students also have to actively prepare for classes and participate in class activities. Checklists and to-do lists can be a student’s best friends if they have trouble with managing their time. By doing so, students can balance their time on school works and outside activities more effectively and have more spare time for themselves. When students find it more interesting to participate in class, it means they are one step closer to be successful in college. Because the more time students participate in class, the more knowledge they can gain and the more successful they can be.

Business Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Practices - Essay Example While reviewing the work organization in the Company, one should ask themselves: why is the job organized in that manner Will that organization of the work help to meet the needs of the client as well as satisfy the staff responsible for it Are the installed step and operations in the job organization necessary or are there more appropriate approaches of having the job done better In most cases, individuals don't perceive the work operations, more so the connections between the job or operation they are carrying on with and other people's job. Getting all the people working in a certain process together assists in making them elaborate their step in the bigger operation hence able to design together a core sketch of the working operations of the whole process flow. According to USAID, getting a visual image of the real flow of the operation and making comparison with the ideal process indicates the step that is missing in the whole process. This still can show that there are some more crucial steps that can help have a job done better. It also shows that a certain process might be making a bottleneck. This process can be employed to indicate the steps that usually confuse staff or posse some limitations to getting services by the clients. The same way, it would show the tasks which are not assigned efficiently as well as the ones which have no mechanisms to give reassignment of the job to a different worker especially when the staff workers responsible for it are not present. Bringing the staff together also assist in sharing individual's best practices which could be more openly used. This kind of approach would assist the management to start thinking and transforming job organization and operations. That way the manager can employ several tools to address the particular elements of the job operation. Managing the required Change Making improvements in work organization basically demands that individuals and companies understand and transform. One of the common models for transformation management includes 8-step by approach which can be employed to the job organization. Creating the sense of urgency USAID asserts that, one of the most appropriate ways to manage change is to create a sense of urgency in the company. In most cases urgency is derived from the external environment of the organization. His helps the job organization to adopt methods that can reduce time wastage, minimize waste, and perform jobs in a better way as well as finding fresh and better approach of doing things. Creating a powerful guiding partnership Every staff member within the organization needs to take part in the transformation process. They are the ones who understand the operations of the organization better than other people in the company. The staff has the most appropriate applicable ideas regarding the ways to improve their job as well as installing the necessary changes. Vision creation. This makes the individuals affected to see the need for the transformation and appreciate the benefits it will bring to their work. They would be more willing to adopt the change if they see the compelling reason as well as the expected benefit. Communicate the vision to the staff The management ought to persuade and motivate

Commitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commitment - Essay Example Unless one have commitment, a particular vision, strong zeal and a passion to create something in ones life he cannot reach his goals and he remains failure one in the society. The strongly committed sports persons will definitely achieve gold medals in the contests and the students get good results in their exams and in their life also. One more thing is only the commitment itself cannot make us a champion when we don't have a proper vision and correct approach. So we can say the commitment is a weapon which we should use in proper way to get the fruits of success. Even though one failed in achieving the goal, the commitment in his soul awakes him and works like a panacea and pats his shoulder and leads him towards his goal. We can understand that the word commitment is not a group of letters, its magazine of bullets, which we can shoot the target with using the arm. Hence, commitment is the rule that is important in an individual's life as well as in the policy of an organisation. 1

Love.Write a blog in which you define double consciousness and how Essay

Love.Write a blog in which you define double consciousness and how race can affect your interaction with other groups - Essay Example Race has a significant influence on trust issues. Race will influence how certain people process information and will likely influence the way they chose to interact with other races. In addition, most young black people grow up being taught with a lot of emphasis about how their ancestors went through racial discrimination. To them this creates a sense of their own identity (Nunnally 55). This historical knowledge of racial discrimination tends to affect how blacks associate with the whites and other groups. Older black folks have more experience in terms of racial discrimination than younger blacks do. The concept of double consciousness still exists today even though it has taken a different look. The African Americans proclaim being victimized in public but stress on personal strength and initiative in private (McWhorter 13). Some black writers note that focusing on the achievement of African Americans seems to overlook the idea that being black is still a tragedy. The recent presidential election to some African Americans was more of a victory than an election in terms of racial

The philosophies of Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant Essay

The philosophies of Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant - Essay Example Being a mainstream rationalist of his time, Immanuel Kant also endorsed this view to a very significant extent. They believed that not only did all knowledge come from the senses, but that knowledge is ultimately gained from reasoning about the senses of one's experiences. From here there emerges another similar conception; their view of ethics itself. For Aquinas as well as for Kant ethics are derived from practical reasoning. This notion further allows them to conceptualize and distinct good deeds from bad and thus pave way for another similarity that founds the very basis of how they perceive justice and law. In this instance, they agree that laws can be derived from practical reasoning and because of this possible, this rationale can help determine the right from the wrong or vice versa. This means that, by design, we are all obligated to follow the law of morale. This also implies the significance of justice in perceiving the moral obligations of humanity.For Aquinas, all prior stems from God and is thus external from humans. Kant, on the other hand, describes his belief that prior in its entirety is inspired from within one's self. Since Kant believes prior comes from within us, he also contemplates this to be the sole source of our insight to the world. That is to imply that the understanding of the world comes from within us and, therefore, our minds wrap the world around itself and changes our experiences to match what our minds expect to see. Unlike Kant however, Aquinas's thoughts on this idea are quite the opposite.

Plz make my college app perfect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Plz make my college app perfect - Essay Example I also carry out some design work at my free time and have had made great collections that are a source of my inspiration. Peculiarly, I ever am passionate about fashion and design to the point that when I meet people in the street I am always evaluating their wears whether they are matching or contrasting outfits. Academically, since when I was in the 11th grade I realized I had a passion on clothing and accessories. When I read about SCAD I was happy to learn that the three courses; accessory design, fashion and Jewelry and objects that I wish to major are offered in the school. This combination will be an opportunity to learn nearly everything in fashion design and will allow me to have more chance in the future after I finish college as only SCAD give student chance to have triple major. Despite the challenges that people may view my triple major combination with, I am passionate and believe that I will manage and will not be deterred. Finally, I believe that the chance offered by SCAD will help me explore more area and give me more knowledge and insights than I can learn in other schools. Professionally, SCAD is an opportunity and doorway to achieving my career goals in life as it will empower me with all the knowledge and skills to kick start my career. This is because after completing my triple major in SCAD I plan to become a designer first as an employee and later to set up my own designing company after gaining enough experience in the industry. Through this expedite, I will have a good chance to express my artistic touch, definition and contribute to the fashion and design industry. Through making my clients happy about my designs and expressions of beauty is the ultimate form of satisfaction in life and by achieving this I will have made the world a better place. In conclusion, SCAD is the key to attaining most of my professional, academic and personal goals. In addition, the opportunity to triple

Social Responsibility and Financial Performance Literature review

Social Responsibility and Financial Performance - Literature review Example In order to conduct a literature review, two main themes are being highlighted including the relationship of CSR and financial performance and the relationship of CSR and Shareholders Value (Aras et al., 2010). A literature review is carried out by incorporating conceptual and theoretical frameworks (Aupperle et al., 1985). The theoretical framework provides relevant theories and models associated with corporate social responsibility and its impact on financial performances and shareholders’ value. The conceptual framework would improvise the need for research on the basis of previous researchers by various scholars and be examining their objectives, the methodology adopted and research findings. This provides insight on how different variables identified in themes chosen are linked together and are a significant part of in the corporate sector. The emergence of corporate scandals, financial responsibilities, and environmental threats has sensitized the society to be concerned with the social and ethically responsible behavior of companies. The concept of Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the role of businesses towards the society. Cane and Matten (2010) in their study highlights, ‘it is by now fairly widely accepted that businesses do indeed have responsibilities beyond simply making a profit’ (Crane & Matten, 2010). A number of concepts such as Corporate Citizenship, Corporate Sustainability, and Corporate Social Responsibility are listed with regard to social responsibilities.  

Todays Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Todays Justice System - Essay Example However, there is no denying the fact that justice also happens to be a highly subjective concept, which is often susceptible to diverse interpretations. What may seem just to a person or a group may sound unjust or partial to many other. In that context, it will be interesting to have a look into the concept of justice as per Confucius, Machiavelli and Lao-tzu, to facilitate a bit better understanding of the contemporary justice system. The Confucian concept of justice is woven around the notion of 'gong', which if roughly translated means 'impartiality' (Cleary, 2000). Hence, Confucian dogmas strongly instruct the state and the justice system to resolve and solve the social conflicts and differences without resorting to any sort or form of discrimination or partiality. According to Confucius, the overall sense of direction and moral health of any society depends on the extent to which virtue and uprightness manage to permeate the social, commercial and personal spheres of life (Cleary, 2000). Therefore, the people only tend to develop a strong affinity with propriety if there prevails a sense of justice in any society. ... Therefore, the people only tend to develop a strong affinity with propriety if there prevails a sense of justice in any society. It is understood that justice to Confucius meant absolute fairness and total absence of any sort of favoritism. Thus, in the given context, the fair and equitable distribution and allocation of national resources and opportunities of growth constitute an integral part of the Confucian concept of justice (Cleary, 2000). Confucius favored a concept of justice that distinctly favored the marginalized and weaker sections of the society and ensured their well being and safety. Contrary to Confucius, the Machiavellian concept of justice is blatantly opportunistic. Machiavelli holds that the means are always subservient to the ends (Machiavelli, 1984). Thus, the direct premise of this line of reasoning is that the state or the political authority can resort to any line of action while dispensing justice, provide the delivered verdict or conclusion aid and abets the political authority in achieving its coveted and vested aims and objectives (Machiavelli, 1984). Therefore, according to the Machiavellian notion of justice, justice does not happen to be a means to disseminate a sense of fairness in the society, but a tool to further the interests of those in power. Justice merely dwindles to being a convenient tool rather then being an exalted institution and a reliable pillar of social stability. To Machiavelli, virtue and fairness meant any thing that furthered the narrow interests of the state (Machiavelli, 1984). In the Machiavellian concept of justice, pre servation and protection of the realm takes preponderance over everything else.Lao-Tzu's concept

The essence of Made in Canada Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The essence of Made in Canada - Case Study Example From these reasons, it is clear that quality plays a huge role in making people buy Canadian made products, including buying Paderno’s products. â€Å"Made in Canada† More than ever, the social consciousness of consumers is pushing organizations to promote strategies aimed at corporate social responsibility (Henein & Morissette 49). In the case of Paderno, this should push them to showcase their products as having local characteristics. Even if their products are not made locally, such as the cheaper products they import, they can impress the consumers by laying emphasis on the local features that their value chain possesses, such as product assembly and design, as well as development and research. Companies should also highlight their impact on the local economy in a creative manner, such as with regards to creation of jobs, impact of product purchase on the local economy, or the local partners that they involve in various processes (Henein & Morissette 49). Consumers in Canada, as well as other developed countries, are increasingly searching for products that are made in Canada. These reasons are because of various consumer trends. One of these trends has to do with the buy local movement with most consumers now shopping closer to home (Henein & Morissette 50). They are also looking for goods that are locally made because they are aware that buying goods made in the country are a better choice both environmentally and ethically. Rising awareness on health may also impact Paderno’s Made in Canada brand as a population that is gradually ageing becomes more aware of their cookware choices and how they are ergonomically designed. Most Canadians now consider the impact that products will have on their health, especially food and, more recently, cookware, and are more willing to pay higher prices for products they trust, which are mostly Canadian made products. Canadian consumers are also increasingly frugal with their money as incomes stagnate , which means that they are more cautious about spending. As more Canadians live on fixed incomes, they will begin to turn to the best value for their money, which is Canadian made. Consumers are also showing an increased desire for goods that are customized, which means they are searching for what exactly they want. This, in most cases, is Canadian made. Finally, the internet culture has seen many Canadian consumers doing their shopping online, which, coupled with blogs that are increasingly talking about buying Canadian made products, has made it essential for companies to insist on the â€Å"made in Canada† brand (Henein & Morissette 50). The internet factor is especially important in perpetuating the Made in Canada brand since most people will first go to the internet when researching on a particular product (Henein & Morissette 51). At least 70% of consumers in Canada have reported that internet reviews of products, particularly those made in Canada,

Video game technology Essay Example for Free

Video game technology Essay Humanity has a driving need for entertainment. Writers are constantly coming up with new movies, designers and engineers are always on the hunt for the next big idea for roller coasters and theme parks, and programmers are always designing and improving the most widely available entertainment software, video games. The video game industry generates 6 billion dollars a year, and in a field as large as this, there is a great amount of competition. Companies are constantly interested in creating new hardware and software to keep the competitive edge, which is why the technology behind video games has made huge leaps in the past 42 years. Video games started out as an interactive television built by Ralph Baer in 1966. Baer created a game called chase where 2 dots would pay a game of digital â€Å"tag† on a standard television. In 1967, a third dot was added to create a ping-pong type game. A deal was made with the company Magnavox to make the game available for public. Magnavox created and released the Magnavox Odyssey in 1972. It was the first video game console; however, home video games reached popularity with the Atari Pong game which was released by Atari after seeing Magnavox’s ping-pong game in a demonstration. This was only the first-generation of video games, and already there was competition over who could get the best product on the market. The second generation of video game consoles is also known as the â€Å"early 8 bit years,† which came in the mid 1970’s to early 1983. This is the time where interchangeable game cartridges were created that actually held programs installed on them. Cartridges from the first generation were only a set of jumpers that played a game that was previously installed on the console. The introduction of these new game cartridges allowed for immense libraries of games to be created. The cartridges made early in the second generation were limited to 8 KB read-only memories (ROM), but the capacity for larger games slowly increased to 32 KB in the â€Å"early 8 bit era. † Even though the cartridge capacity grew, the games were still limited by the random-access memory (RAM) that was inside the console. Some of the consoles that came out in this time period was the Fairchild Channel F, the Atari 2600 and 5200, Mattel Intellivision, and the introduction of Sega with the SG-1000. The end of the second generation of video game consoles was apparent when the industry came to a standstill because of an overstock of games, dozens of choices of consoles for consumers, and competition from personal computers. This standstill was called the North American video game crash of 1983. After the crash, the video game industry recovered in a year. In the true â€Å"8 bit era,† of the third generation of video game consoles, the famous Famicon, or Nintendo Entertainment System, was released. This era is believed to be the first of the modern era of video game consoles. The Famicon dominated this time in the gaming industry, but others such as the Atari 7800, Sega Master System, Supergame VG 3000, and Super Cassette Vision were all closely competing with each other. It was in this generation that, although previous consoles had used 8-bit processors, consoles started labeling themselves by the speed of their processing units to differentiate between the generations of consoles. In 1989, Nintendo released the Game Boy, which was a hand held, portable gaming console that was immensely popular. Also in this generation, the video game genre role playing game, or RPG, was created. This genre was dominated by games such as Super Mario Bros. , Final Fantasy, The Legend Of Zelda, Metroid, Mega Man, Metal Gear, and Castlevania; many of these games have spun off with sequels and prequels in the future generations of video game consoles to come, creating repeat sales of games just so people can see what happens to their favorite characters next. The fourth generation of video game consoles came with the release of the first 16 bit processor consoles. This era of consoles was dominated by the fierce competition between Nintendo and Sega. Nintendo released its Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Sega had the Sega Genesis. Franchises of games began to appear on these systems stemming from the success of the franchises of the third generations listed above. Sega released best selling game â€Å"Sonic the Hedgehog† as a cooler version of the Mario Bros, but soon, Sega dropped behind in the fourth generation and began working on their next generation unit. With the rise of 16 bit processor speed came an exponentially increased graphics rate. The graphics in between system generations are far superior to the previously released ones. From 1993 to 2002 was known as the fifth generation of gaming console. It featured 32- and 64-bit processor speed and was most noted for the rise of 3-dimensional games. Super Mario 64 and Tomb Raider had 3-d environments that steered the industry standard away from side scrolling games. The ability to move around a 3-dimensional area offered players many possibilities and variants in game play. The consoles that were accepted best into the mainstream North American video game demographic were the Nintendo 64, Sony Playstation, and the Sega Saturn. The Atari Jaguar could not compete in the fifth generation of consoles and was quickly beaten by its competition. The Sega Dreamcast, Microsoft’s Xbox, Sony Playstation 2, and Nintendo Gamecube are the only viable consoles out during the sixth generation of video game consoles. It was in this generation that the video game industry stopped referring to its consoles by their processor size, since the performance depended on other factors, such as processor speed, the speed of the graphics processor, bandwidth, and memory size. The Playstation 2 and the Dreamcast were the final consoles to market their products as 128-bit to describe their capabilities. With the sixth generation came the hard task of differentiating which system was the most powerful. The Xbox uses a 32-bit CPU with a cache size of 128 kb. It has 64 MB RAM and runs at 733 MHz, making it the fastest of the sixth generation consoles. Many games that were geared to appear cross-platform for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and Gamecube ended up releasing only for Xbox due to system requirement restraints while games like Doom 3 and Half-Life 2 were still released on the three consoles, but their pixel shading, graphics polygons count, and the artificial intelligence of the non-player characters in game had to be reduced dramatically to work on the Playstation 2 and Gamecube. Some would argue that this fact alone makes the Xbox a superior gaming console. The current industry standards in video game consoles are the Xbox 360, Playstation 3, and Nintendo’s Wii. These consoles are the seventh generation of gaming technology. This generation’s consoles each introduced a new type of breakthrough technology. The Playstation 3 and Xbox 360 came out with High-Definition compatible graphics and audio/video output, and the Wii has focused on unique motion sensing controllers. All of these consoles come standard with wireless controllers. A major advance for the Playstation 3 is the integration of Blu-Ray technology – a Blu-Ray disc is the next generation of high definition movies. The Xbox 360’s best innovation is something that was already established with the original Xbox, and it is Xbox Live. Xbox Live enables the use of multiplayer games with people around the world, and it allows the downloading of new software and demos for new games to be released. It is considered by many to be the pinnacle of the multiplayer online experience. It’s user-interface and ease of use is unmatched in all other consoles. The Wii’s motion sensing controllers are an incredible tool in gaming. It allowed a more interactive experience and submerses the users in its games like never before. In Tiger Woods’ ’09, the player uses the controller exactly like a golf club to hit the virtual â€Å"ball. † It is an advance that even leads to fitness games, something never even considered by the video game industry before. Video game peripherals are the tools that gamers are most familiar with. Even if someone who is dedicated to games does not know that exact processor speed of a Playstation 3, or the Graphic Processor for an Xbox 360, he will intimately know the controller that he has in his hands while he plays. There have been many types of controllers made to suit gamers needs. The â€Å"old-school† controller from the first and second generation of consoles was the joystick. Usually a handle with buttons protruding from a controller base, a joystick allows basic movements and actions with the buttons. In the third generation, consoles were equipped with a â€Å"D-Pad. † This was a cross pointing up, down, left, and right that better suited the side-scrolling games of the time. The Nintendo 64 incorporated a joystick and a D-Pad on the same controller that allowed for better navigation of its 3-dimensional worlds. In the generations that follow, most controllers follow the Nintendo 64’s lead and incorporate even multiple joysticks along with a D-Pad. Other fun peripherals were the popular light guns used in shooting and sports games. I remember spending hours hunting in my living room with Nintendo’s Duck Hunt game. Foot pads were also used to simulate running in track games and dancing in the popular Dance Dance Revolution franchise. Video game technology has come a long way in the 42 years since the first console was released. The technology is sure to become even more awesome as time progresses and consumers demand more bang for their buck. In an industry as competitive as video games, there is no time for companies to become complacent in their technology. Works Cited How does the light gun for a video game work?. 01 April 2000. HowStuffWorks. com. 28 September 2008. Tyson, Jeff.How Video Game Systems Work. 16 October 2000. HowStuffWorks. com. 28 September 2008. Valdes, Robert. How PlayStation 3 Works. 14 June 2005. HowStuffWorks. com. 28 September 2008. Valdes, Robert. How Xbox 360 Works. 29 November 2006. HowStuffWorks. com. 28 September 2008. Tyson, Jeff. How Dreamcast Works. 19 October 2000. HowStuffWorks. com. 28 September 2008. Tyson, Jeff. How N64 Works. 18 October 2000. HowStuffWorks. com. 28 September 2008. Stahl, Ted, ed. Chronology of the History of Video Games. History of Computing: Video Games Golden Years. 26 July 2006. 25 Sept. 2008.

Ethics in social research

Ethics in social research Ethics in research has been around since World War II and is still to this day a growing concern among researchers. The main aim of the researcher is to ensure that their studies are directed toward worthwhile goals and that the welfare of their subjects and their research colleagues is protected. Alan Kimmel, 1988 There are several reasons why it is important for an investigator to adhere to ethical standards in research. First, some of these norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating, forging, or misrepresenting research data to promote the truth and avoid error. Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, many of these ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For instance, one particular ethical norm, confidentiality, is designed to protect intellectual interests while encouraging collaboration among the participants. Third, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. People are more likely to fund research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research (this particular example is relevant to the scenario being assessed.) Finally, many of the standards of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values, such as social responsibility, human rights, and compliance with the law So although all these codes, policies and principles are very important and useful but like any set of rules they do not cover every situation that arises in research, they are often conflicting and require considerable interpretation. It is therefore important for the researcher to learn how to interpret, assess and apply various research rules and how to make decisions about how to act in various circumstances. The vast majority of decision making in the conduct of research involves the straightforward application of ethical policies. Ethical issues that are encountered in applied social research are both subtle and complex, raising difficult moral dilemmas that, from the outside, appear unresolvable. With these dilemmas the researcher is required to strike a delicate balance between the scientific or social requirement of methodology and the human rights and values potentially threatened by the research. Privacy and confidentiality are two ethical issues that are crucial to social researchers who request individuals to share with them their thoughts attitudes and experiences. The ethical social researcher is one who is aware of ways in which privacy and confidentiality may be jeopardised and safeguarded and is knowledgeable about the effects of privacy and confidentiality on consent. The nature of privacy concerns has changed over time as social scientists have become more involved in identifying social problems and testing possible solutions through field research (Boruch Cecil, 1979) Organisational research focus is directed toward personnel relating issues, including the testing and appraisal of employees for personnel decisions. In conducting these investigations, researchers and consultants may seek to improve on organisations capacities to achieve various goals (e.g. profit for a business, its employees quality of work life or the impact of the organisation on communities in isolate rural areas. Evaluation research is a major type of applied research, typically undertaken by social scientists to determine if ongoing social programs are working as they should. Evaluations tend to focus on programs that are beneficial in nature, such as remedial education, health care and job training programs. The results of an evaluation study, in revealing whether a social program is accomplishing what was intended can have immediate impact on social policy and political decisions regarding the programs fate whether it should be continued or stopped, its budget and personnel increased or cut backs made. There are a number of vested interests in the design and implementation of evaluation studies and because their results are likely to affect peoples jobs, education and health. Like research conducted in organisations, evaluation research raises some unique ethical questions about whose interests are served an whose point of view should be represented during the research process (Kidder Judd, 1986) With this particular scenario there are two different situations where ethical issues will arise. Firstly, you begin to suspect that food is being stolen from the kitchen and the viability of the project may be at risk. From a researchers point of view suspicions would need to be backed up with hard evidence. If you were to say to you manager, you run the risk of them discharging you and not allowing you to carry out anymore research how could you possibly imagine that of any of their staff? Although on the other hand if your manager was to take you suspicions on board and further investigate the matter over a closely surveyed period of time, they may benefit and appreciate your integrity that you hold with the company. In a case like this it is often difficult for the evaluator to separate their research role from their role as a work experience placement student. You have been promised the confidentiality of the staff and if you were to say anything about the stolen food it could affect your research and you rapport with the staff. The staff may turn against you and refuse to cooperate after you telling the boss on one of their colleagues. Throughout the research you must remember what the objective is and if you remain silent with your suspicions, will your results in anyway end up being bias? This will reflect an untrue outcome and the company could face further scrutiny from the funding body. There is also the legality aspect for the researcher to consider and stealing is against the law, could you live with yourself if you thought that you were covering up for a criminal, no matter how small the offence was? In failing to voice your suspicions Kimmel, (1988) stated you legally could face prosecution as an accessory after the fact for failure to report a crime. If I were to be placed in this situation I personally would confront the manager of the company and explain my situation with regards to my research. I believe that stealing is wrong and should not take place no matter how big or small the offence is. Although I can understand why somebody may not say and not only put their research at rick but their social responsibility. The second scenario where the researcher will be confronted by ethical dilemmas is in carrying out the interviews with some of the senior citizens that are receiving these Meals on Wheels. To carry out interviews you will need the consent of the person involved, some elderly clients may not like the prospect of being intimated with questions. The elderly are of the vulnerable sector in our population and should be informed of why the interview is taking place and the effects that their answers could have on the survival and funding of the business while always remembering the objectivity of the research and expressing it in clarity to the senior citizens. The interview will involve asking how they feel about receiving their Meals on Wheels, how they approve of the service and how would they feel if this service was to be taken away from them? This could cause distress and emotional shock among the elderly, especially if they thought that their opinion meant the deciding factor of whe ther the company received funding to continue its business. Many of the elderly could largely depend on this service and there must be no deception in making them fully aware why the interviews are taken place. The senior citizens should be made aware that the researcher will be evaluating and publishing their results to the company and will have to give an open and honest account of what has been said in the interviews. The researcher is under the obligation from the code of ethics so as not to fabricate the data in anyway. The researcher, if a member of the local community, may feel tempted to fabricate the interview responses so as the company will receive their funding to finance this project as they realise how vital this scheme is for the elderly in this isolated rural area but as Kimmel noted personnel values may play a significant role in social research, therefore researchers must be careful enough to protect the integrity of their inquiries through careful data collection and analysis and accurate and objective reporting of their research findings. If I were the researcher in carrying out the interviews I would make the elderly entirely aware of the project and encourage them to see how they are beneficiaries of it. This in return will boost their confidence of the company and help portray a better interview for the research. After all if you were a senior citizen who lived in an isolated area and the only person you may see everyday is the delivery driver of Meals on Wheels, wouldnt you appreciate the service? Not only are they providing a food service but they also help to bring a warm and friendly atmosphere into the home. In conclusion ethical decision making is neither a perfectly rational nor entirely timeless enterprise, and even after a considered judgement about the issues involved in a given situation has been made, doubts about whether or not ones subsequent behaviour was ethical may remain. As we continue to proceed with social research in applied settings, we can expect a growing wealth of documentation on the conditions under which certain interventions are successful in reducing certain social problems and on what side effects might be anticipated as a result of their implementation. To proceed ethically it is important for social researchers to bear in mind that their first obligation is to those persons who cooperate with and participate in the research process, and that it is their interests that first must be considered during the preparatory stages of program development. References Kimmel, A (1988) Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research Sage Publications London

Contracting Considerations Of A Tour Operator Tourism Essay

Contracting Considerations Of A Tour Operator Tourism Essay This report will consider the contracting considerations of a small to medium sized tour operator in relation to providing a report based holiday experience for a clientele from socio-economic bands A and B. The report will consider two key elements namely in the form of accommodation and other services in the resort and transportation of an appropriate type to and from the resort. In considering a possible solution to providing accommodation for the companys guests there are a number of options open to the small to medium sized tour operator. At the one end of the spectrum the tour operator could consider an option of direct investment. Such an option would see the tour operator investing in hotels and accommodation facilities which at the end of the investment the company would own the facilities which could be used for both its own guests and for the purpose of renting out accommodation to other tour operators which capacity allows for such an options (Holloway et al 2009). However, such an option in the circumstances is an unlikely option for the specific company in question. In the first instance the option is an expensive one, investment in hotel and accommodation facilities can cost millions in there initial investment or more, this may be an unsuitable or even unrealisable option for a small to medium enterprise. Secondly, the corporate objectives of the company are to minimise risks, direct investment however, may be seen as a considerably risky option for several reasons. In the first case once established, the company will have long term fixed costs to meet over a prolonged period of time, such a problem is not incurred where a contract based option is undertaken and thus the liability to meet expenses is limited to the agreed contract period which could be as short as a single season or less. Secondly, long term investment an overseas location also implies taking on the national risk which are associated with international trade including exposure to currency fluctuations, interest rates and changes in demand from the consumer perspective (Griffin and Pustay 2010). Again, where a contracting option is considered such exposures whilst still present are limited to a much shorter period of time and thus to a large extent offset. A more realistic option for the company in question may be to consider one of the many contracting options which are available, such contracting options are also wide and varied in nature and include both direct and indirect contracts with accommodation providers as well as a variety of options with regard to the length contracts undertaken (Holloway et al 2009). In the first instance, the company must select between contracting directly with accommodation providers or through the use of a third party agency (Cooper et al 2008). Negotiation directly may help the company to save money by excluding the fees of a third party however, the downside is that the company may have to deal with a large number of accommodation providers each with their own peculiarities and unique circumstances. On the other hand, the company could opt to use another intermediary who will undertake such sub-contracting on the behalf of the tour operator, for the tour operator this reduces complexity in the contracting process in that the tour operator now has only a single point of contact (Holloway et al 2009). However, on the downside the tour operator will now incur additional costs from the fees levied from a third party, in addition the tour operator will also lose a degree of control over the accommodation which is to be provided and arranged by the third party. T his may have an impact upon the tour operator whos clientele falls with the A and B social bands and so have very specific requirements in relation to their individual accommodation needs in comparison to other segments of the market. The next consideration from a contracting point of view is to consider the length and level of commitment in contracting options. Again the tour operator is presented with a wide range of options, at the lowest level of commitment end of the spectrum the tour operator can simply book rooms with accommodation provider in reference to specific levels of demand experienced, such an option means that costs are kept to a minimum and risks from contractual obligations are virtually eliminated (Cooper et al 2008). There is however, an additional risk incurring in that whilst the tour operators liabilities are minimised so are those of the accommodation providers, in short should the tour operator experience a surge in demand and the accommodation providers be unable to meet such a demand do to market forces, the tour operator may be left either having to disappoint customers or have to pay premium prices in order to satisfy the demand. At the other end of the spectrum the tour operator could contract to buy a set number of rooms or even entire hotels for a specific period of time (Holloway et al 2009). In such a case the advantage is that the tour operator has a guaranteed level of availability in a given hotel or resort and thus the risks of not being able to meet demand are off set given that the tour operator has a fixed capacity which it may use as it sees fit. The other major advantage is one of cost linked to economies of scale (Johnson et al 2008), by undertaking longer contracts that purchasing rooms at the spot rate, the tour operator stands to benefit from substantial bulk purchasing discounts as rooms and accommodations purchased over a long period come at a much reduced cost in comparison to shorter periods of hire. However, in such a circumstance the company also incurs some additional risks. Now that the company has entered into a contract for a fixed amount of accommodation the tour operator also has the obligation to pay for the rooms and so needs to be able to fill the accommodation to as close to full capacity as possible throughout the year (Holloway et al 2009). In reality this may mean offering significant discounts at certain part of the year so as to attract enough custom to fill the accommodation, alternatively the tour operator could forego full utilisation however, the contract would see the tour operator still having to pay for the accommodation which has been rented in advance. In addition to accommodation, there are other elements of the resort experience which the tour operator may wish to consider contracting out to third party providers. Key elements include the provision catering services, onsite entertainment and other forms of entertainment and added value services such as tours and excursions of sites of local interest to the clientele of the resort (Singh 2006). From a transportation perspective, the use of scheduled flights has become one of the most important ways travel operators have been able to take advantage of both the flexibility and speed of air travel as part of the holiday package (Holloway et al 2009). Unfortunately due to the constraints of the scenario the travel operator will have look at a number of alternative methods of getting guests to and from the proposed resort of which there are a wide number of options including alternative air transportation options as well as some more creative solutions making use of alternative modes of transport. The first and possibly most feasible option for a tour operator who can not take advantage of scheduled flights to a destination may be to consider using a charter service. Charter services offer to schedule an aircraft for the specific use of a client on a given route, charter options may include a single trip rental but more likely a charter provider will agree with a company such as a tour operator a regular schedule of flights for a season or more (Holloway et al 2009, Cooper et al 2008). There are several advantages for the tour operator if such an option is engaged in. From the passengers perspective, there is almost no difference to if the tour operator had made use of a scheduled flight, the guest will be transported to their destination on an aircraft which functions in all but the same way as one operating on a scheduled route. Secondly, a charter service operates with more flexibility than that of the scheduled flight, the tour operator can choose deviate from the time tab le which would not be an option which scheduled options and there is also flexibility of destination which may include local changes such as using an alternative airport or more radical changes changing the route of the aircraft altogether. There are however, still some drawback of the charter flight option, the main problem would be one of capacity. In the case the scheduled flight the responsibility for filling seats lies with the airline provider and the liability of the tour operator is limited to the number of seats for which they have purchased on any given flight. However, when an aircraft is chartered the cost of the charter becomes a fixed cost and the responsibility for filling seats then becomes the responsibility of the charterer, in this case the tour operator (Holloway et al 2009). The charter option has been a relatively successful option in recent years for tour operators, in some circumstances the model has become so successful that there has become a blur in the boundaries between scheduled and chartered flights. This has been exhibited in both operational elements in that some charter flights are so regular as to almost form a scheduled service including the sale of spare capacity to additional passengers. Secondly many travel operators have sought to consolidate their positions by buying charter aircraft providers and integrating these businesses into the main business unit (Monarch 2010). If the tour operator still wishes to investigate the scheduled flight option further, there is the consideration that a multi-modal transport operation may be considered. In such a case the tour operator may consider purchasing seats to the nearest airport served by a scheduled flight and then arrange onward transport via road rail or water. In many cases this may be an unattractive option, especially where distances are significant. Such an option may become and annoyance for guests and add unnecessary costs for the tour operator. There are however, times when the option may be an appropriate one especially for the upmarket segment. Such circumstances may exist where the tour operator can incorporate the onward transport into the holiday package, this may be possible where the route from airport to resort passes through an area of outstanding natural beauty or a luxury transport option can be added such as a river cruise which serves a duel function as transport and entertainment. Air transport however, is not the only option available to a tour operator one other major option to consider is transportation via water. Water transport has largely declined in recent decades due to the rise of faster and cheaper air transport which also allows access to a wider number of destinations than water based or land routes (Holloway et al 2009). Despite the decline of the standard ocean liner as a mode of transport which is now largely confined to summer transatlantic crossings the market for other water based forms of transport has both stabilised and began to grow again in recent years. The most important development has been a rebranding of the cruise, in past times the cruise as a form of holiday had declined as a function of both poor branding and the rise of alternatives. However, significant investment on the behalf of the industry has seen the holiday rising again in popularity amongst consumers. In selecting a transportation mode suitable for a market segment in socio economic groups A and B one option may be to consider providing a hybrid holiday which takes advantage of the rise in popularity of the cruise linked to the facilities present at the destination. From a pragmatic perspective the tour operator could in effect make use of a cruise ship to transport its guests too the resort making the transport via water an essential part of the holiday package as opposed to being a way of getting to the product in the form of the resort. Once at the destination, the tour operator would have the option of providing a return journey for guests either via the same method or via an alternative such as a charter flight. The major benefit of such an option is that the tour operator would be able to offer a high value added product in which all elements of the package including transportation are considered a part of the holiday. On the downside, the small to medium size of the tour op erator would necessitate the use of a third party to provide a suitable vessel for use. This in turn would add complexity to the operation and there would naturally be a greater limitation on destinations based upon the schedules and services of third party providers as well as the natural constraints imposed by limiting transport options to water based transport. There is also a rail option open to the travel operator, this has become an option with an increased level of feasibility from the UK since the opening on the channel tunnel back in the 1990s. Whilst, rail transport provides fast and efficient transport from the UK to the major cities in Europe, the real problem with this option is one of flexibility. To a large extent destinations will be limited to the major cities within Europe and it may be considered to access to more remote destinations and resorts becomes infeasible and impractical for users of the service. In addition, the large distances and nature of the rail network means that intercontinental options will be largely off limits to a tour operator if looking to use rail as a transportation option. Given the objectives of the company which are largely to reduce risk and the consideration of flexibility the recommendation of this report are that the travel operator opts to convey its guests the resort via a chartered air service model. Such a model would see that the company does not have to risks associated with investing in expensive capital items such as aircraft or ships which would increase the risk profile of the company significantly. In addition, by using an air service the company would also maintain the element of flexibility and speed opening up a wider number of destinations than would be available through land or water based forms of transport. These are both key benefits for the companys target client group in socio economic groups A and B. There are however, still some risks associated with the charter route, whilst the company would not own any specific assets associated with the transport of passengers, the company would still have a fixed capacity of seat for w hich it would need to fill on each flight so as to keep the cost per passenger for a minimum. The risk here is that during periods of low demand the company may have to offer significant discounts in order to fill flights, this may also create a conflict with the companys generic strategy of focusing on the premium end of the market (Porter 2004, Jobber 2007).

It’s Time We Learn to Listen to Our Bodies Essay -- Health Nutrition D

It’s Time We Learn to Listen to Our Bodies Christine is my best friend. She is the kind of person anyone would love to know. She has the most wonderful personality. She is always there for me and knows just the right things to say. She is giving and caring to anyone she comes in contact with. She is helpful, understanding, and overweight. Like most women who struggle with their weight, she has tried every diet available and none have worked successfully. I see her fight this constant battle and feel her disappointment when she fails. Food is a consuming factor in her life and that is where her problem lies. To lose her weight and keep it off, she must learn to listen to her body's cues and eat when, what, and how much it asks for. Most weight problems start in early childhood. Babies are not capable of overeating. They want to eat when their bodies are hungry and they eat until their hunger is gone. Parents don't realize that they start creating bad habits in their children when they limit their baby's food intake or constantly shove bottles at them whenever they cry. As a c...

Primary School Capers :: essays research papers

It seems so long ago now, since the mischievous days of mid-primary school. Since the days I never did homework, and was ever so surreptitious to avoid getting caught – well trying to anyway. And the days when my little ploys of â€Å"forgetting† to have done homework, were discovered in the most humiliating of ways. There was on specific day this happened, I can vividly remember. It was grade 3, half way through primary school, a time I never contemplated high school or my future, a time when the concept of homework was a joke. Like the facetious Hyena, I was in hysterical laughter at peoples’ earnestness toward school. But life is not without karma, as I now understand the importance of homework and schooling. Today school is about â€Å"ENTER† scores and getting â€Å"A+†. Back then it was about staying away from the â€Å"Goodie, Goodies†, who would always have the homework completed for question time the next day. â€Å"Goodie, Goodies† to us little â€Å"blokes†, were usually girls in the class, or a boy we considered to be a girl – a â€Å"pussy†. Why is it that the majority of human beings have a lackadaisical approach to school? All those cliched comments like â€Å"I hate homework† or â€Å"school sucks big time man†, reinforce a wide spread inclination to not do homework. Is that what it is, or is it all about image and ego to us â€Å"blokes† – earnestly trying to avoid the dreaded label: â€Å"Goodie, Goodie†. It is therefore not half-obvious why schools such as Camberwell Grammar experience horrific cases of school bullying. Occupied with maintaining our â€Å"tough† image, we â€Å"little tackers† never took heed to these important issues. Nor did we take heed to doing homework. During grade 3, our Math homework became accustomed to rotting away at the depths of our school bags, along with the mould ridden sandwiches and three-year-old bananas. One day â€Å"judge dread† (the teacher), was going through the homework question by question†¦ â€Å"Math books open at least nights homework† in what sounded like a vultures screech. I opened at some pretend page and stayed low key, whilst the teacher mercilessly pointed her finger around the room. It was terrifying as she always seemed to sense an â€Å"evader† in the room – her eyes a radar, and her finger a laser, ready to embarrass her victim at any moment. All the â€Å"Goodie, Goodies† held their fingers in the air back at the teacher, which seemed like some tribal link between teacher and â€Å"Goodie, Goodie† – it was the â€Å"Kripendorfs Tribe† of St.

Art Analysis Paper :: essays research papers

Art Analysis Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first painting analyzed was North Country Idyll by Arthur Bowen Davis. The focal point was the white naked woman. The white was used to bring her out and focus on the four actual colored males surrounding her. The woman appears to be blowing a kiss. There is use of stumato along with atmospheric perspective. There is excellent use of color for the setting. It is almost a life like painting. This painting has smooth brush strokes. The sailing ship is the focal point because of the bright blue with extravagant large sails. The painting is a dry textured flat paint. The painting is evenly balanced. When I look at this painting, it reminds me of settlers coming to a new world that is be founded by its beauty. It seems as if they swam from the ship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second painting was by George W. Bellows and named Shoghead. This painting brought a sense of ease and relaxation. I can picture myself on the top of the mountain listening to the waves crash on the sides. The open countryside topped by the clouds give the painting a sense of realism. The extremely bright blue water stands out the most, though the focal point is not clear. There is not an excessive use of paint. It is as if Bellows caked it on his brush and made quick short strokes. The use of such dark colors on the hill is a mystery. The terrain has a roughness that makes the painting come to life. The artist did a great job of showing the depth. If I had to guess, he was influenced by Picasso’s work because of the extensive use of thick point.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third painting was by Julian Story and it was called American Born in England. It was a battle painting. The black prince stands out as the focal point. It is the center of the painting and brings notice to the way the other knights are dressed. The Black Knight (the Prince of Wales) stands overlooking King John, who is blind. King John wanted to be in the battle for his country. The background (depth) is shown in the distance by atmospheric perspective. There is a sense of honor in the knight for the king. There is a great use of color. The painting is very life like. The picture seems to come to life, making me feel as if I were part of the painting!

Leadership Profile Essay

When examing what makes a good leader you can ask a very simple question, what I believe to be a very important factor, which is, do they have passion in what they do? Leaders in business today have to have a passion for what they do in order to make a successful and influential leader. The success of any company is only as great as the employees on the forefront make it. Transformational leadership is a form of leadership that occurs when leaders ‘broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes and the mission of the group and when they stir their employees to look beyond their own self-interest for the good of the group† (Bass, 1990). Transformational leadership has the ability to generate a higher commitment to the company from its’ employees. I believe that Sam Walton, the Founder of Walmart had this ability. Walmart as we know it today evolved from Sam Walton’s goals for great value and great customer service. â€Å"Mr. Sam,† as he was known, believed in leadership through service. This belief that true leadership depends on willing service was the principle on which Walmart was built, and drove the decisions the company has made for the past 50 years. So much of Walmart’s history is tied to the story of Sam Walton himself, and so much of our future will be rooted in Mr. Sam’s principles† (Walmart, 2012). You can see this principle the moment that you walk in to any Walmart store. There is a greeter there to meet you everytime. Sam Walton made sure that from the time that you walked in the door that you had great customer service experience. Not only will it make the customer feel welcomed, but it will also help repeat business. To obtain this type of customer service level, the leader behind the scenes needs to create â€Å"buy ‘in† from their employees. The employees need to believe in what they are doing and understand the goal of the company. One of the towering strengths of Sam Walton was his unique ability to gain the trust and support of the people around him. He called his customers â€Å"neighbors† or â€Å"guests† and he referred to the managers in his company as ‘coaches’† (Bergdahl). The first Walmart was opened in 1962 and by 1970, the company went public because of how much it had grown. This is a true testament of a good leader having a clear vision of what he wants for his company and what he expect from the employees. His vision alone is what makes him so effective. He believed that offering lower prices and greater customer service can make all the difference to a business. Seeing the success of Walmart proves this theory. Employees easily understand the goal of the company. They too benefit from the lower prices. According to Michael Bergdahl, author of The 10 Rules of Sam Walton, Sam Walton was a man who had a vision, never gave up, and was optimistic. These are just a few of the characteristics of Sam Walton that have affected many people. â€Å"Walton also a leader who close to the employees. Often vanity top executives has led to the collapse of a company. They tend to build a distance (gap) with front-line employees. The bigger of the company, usually the greater the possibility of these leaders have lost contact with the front-line employees. But not so with Sam Walton, he was a leader who humble and modest. Throughout his life, he often visited the front lines of every store. Sam Walton’s leadership style is close to the employee coloring corporate culture of Wal-Mart today† (Bergdahl).

Implication of Science and Technology Essay

Implication of acquaintance and engine room to mans use is as old as 2500 B.C or much earlier when the people, of Indus valley Civilization came to know branch eon approximately the fire and the wheel. Wheel is the get down of all technological innovations of today and denudation of fire is the mans original experience about energy.Since and so, mans curiosity and meticulous efforts pick up helped him for in the buff inventions and discoveries. But Science and Technology got its corporeal recognition in India during the British termination and were established to meet the needs and requirements of the then political relation. During 19th century, when the whole Europe passed by dint of a phase of Industrial Revolution, the Britishers also put emphasis on developing of Science and Technology in India. brass instrument of railway system, building of canals and development of a network of meteorological stations began. The first off scientific survey of this country w as through with(p) during this time. Several academic institutions, such as Asiatic Society in Calcutta in 1784, the Indian Association for the Advancement of Science in 1876 and many others were createdAll these generated a greater awareness of cognition in the country and eventually led to the give of modern science in India between 1890 and 1940.However, the end of the last century and the first 50 years of the present whizz was a issue of renaissance of science for India. Renowned scientists the likes of Sir J. C. Bose, C. V. Raman, S. N. Bose, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, the father of Indias nuclear power, Vikram Sarabhai, Dr. Har Govind Singh Khorana etc. became well-known for their famous scientific researches in various palm and brought name and fame for the country.During post independence period and through the vision of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru the then immemorial Minister, Science and Technology were developed in a conscious way as a major force for a ccelerating favorable and economic change. Nehru clearly expressed his views in his Discovery of IndiaIt was science alone that could elucidate the problems of hunger and poverty, of insanitation and illiteracy, of superstition and doddering utilisation and tradition, of vast resources running to waste, of a spicy country inhabited by esurient people,Programme of Green Revolution has do it true. Now, in the fields of space research, nuclear energy, biotechnology and agriculture, India has achieved a lot. Continuous progeny of new areas and micro areas are little by little gaining the importance and specialized research areas like Superconductivity, Laser, Supercomputers, Robots and Robotics, Information Technology, Optic fibers etc. have resulted in a vast enlargement in the areas/fields of apprehension AND applied science activities.India is suave lagging behind in the field of energy specifically harnessing clean, upright and non-polluting energy through exaltation of non-conventional resources. solar energy, the limitless source (the sun) provided by the nature, is still underutilized. Though much is achieved, but more(prenominal) is left unattended.Hence, with the consistent support of the government as well as offstage institutions today there are about 3000 public and private institutions engaged in basic/fundamental, applied researches and development flora in various fields of SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Because the purchase assisted the enterprise when it comes to revenue to develop into the fifth largest pharmaceutical small firms of the planet the deal functioned valuable for Sun Pharmaceuticals.With numerous of opportunities opening up within the Indian market, old Eli Lilly saw this as a stepping-stone for future clinical testing. Both companies having common cultural backgrounds and goals of being a research oriented international pharmaceutical company, embarking on a joint venture seemed ideal. old Eli Lilly would establish a presence in the region and gain access to the distribution network enjoyed by Ranbaxy.Furthermore, this JV would result in lower costs in production as well as basic research, which are considerable factors in their broad strategy.Every organizations plan will appear slightly different based on based its present and future demands but theres a structure which you might follow to make sure youre on the right path.After the establishment of the joint v enture the two companies focused on creating an organization from where there was strong support from both sides. Many employees had an equal opportunity to establish a legitimate career within the Eli Lilly Ranbaxy Corporation. Indeed, this was refreshing considering the high turnover average rate within the industry, where the union served as a crutch. Within a year after building the infrastructure from the ground up, the JV was able to launch different products and had more than 200 employees.

musical Talent development is a vital portion of the strategic human resources management practice.Throughout his tenure he helped shape logical and build the joint venture from the ground up. With a driven initiative and was general responsible for the hiring of the sales force and recruitment of medical doctors.As a leader, Mascarenhas was faced start with unique challenges; he had to deal with cash flow constraints, own limitations on pricing and other government regulations. Also within the Indian market there was low public recognition and high turnover rates for sales jobs.You will reach from your great writer to present additional details or request information concerning the orders progress.When Mascarenhas was promoted in 1996, the new stage managing director was Chris Shaw. Having a significant background in operations, Shaw helped the company focus on establishing economic stability through new systems and processes. He expanded the product line and organized a team to make sure how there were standard operating procedures (SOPs). These procedures would help the joint venture maintain a productive flow.

Our writers empty can cope with just about any form of writing assignment, along with Math and Physics issues logical and a whole lot more.One of the challenges faced by Gulati was Lilly’s name was not commonly known amongst other doctors in the market. Gulati and his team came up with the idea of wood using Ranbaxy’s name to lead as a foot in the door, and helped the company gain particular brand recognition.Also Gulati faced the challenge of trying to distribute a product that was already being sold amongst manufacturers. Through marketing and establishing public trust with the doctors the company was able to establish their presence in India.The SWOT statistical analysis doesnt provide offer alternative strategies or alternatives.Overall the performance of the IJV was a success. Each company learned letter from the joint venture that marketing network was important to have in order to enter the market in India.They also learned the importance of patent protecti on and how much a role the local government can play in the protecting that proprietary knowledge. A patent is needed in order to price their products, and to protect their innovation for a certain time.

Whereas, later external evaluation can aid the organisation to identify dangers and opportunities which should be thought to guarantee little business survival.Overall Eli Lilly Ranbaxy gained vital cooperation and communication amongst each other. Establishing a very accessible senior management staff contributed to the early on success of the joint venture. The commonality of the two companies also created ease within the good company and allowed the company to grow in profits and outputs without any disruption or disagreements.Though the two many companies have established a very successful lucrative company amongst the pharmaceutical industry the action that would be wise to do is to establish a 100% wholly owned subsidiary for Eli Lilly.The business isnt a pay master in that business.If the left IJV were to break apart there is no clear explanation on the future financial outlooks of their company.Furthermore, it best can create an unforeseen competition. However, it would allow each company to focus on their own agendas and it would also inject much needed cash flow for Ranbaxy and allow them to concentrate on the generic market. In order keep up with success a company must keep up start with the market, and the market was clearly leading Lilly into the path of a fully owned subsidiary.

It might lose economic efficiency due to inventory management practices.Employees are valuable and they handled with respect.Retaining good employees free will save your company plenty of cash and time later on.Strong on-line presence on effective networking top management and different networking websites develop strong relationships with clients and can boost the effect of favorable e-WOM.

AP Essay: Maria W. Stewart Essay

The massive MissippiIn the characterization salary increase heave The spacious manuscript waterspout of 1927 the actor hind end M. Barry describes elaborately the functions and complexness of the disseminated sclerosis River. The reference wants to asseverate the ref well-nigh the charming sign the disseminated sclerosis River offers, done a descriptive and edifying transportation system. The formers trance of the river is unbelievable imputable to the simple, good facts that atomic number 18 stated. passim the loss the informant engagements umteen rhetorical doohickeys to billow his inwardness such(prenominal) as diction, pictural imagery, and simile. The informant uses a serial of rhetorical gimmicks in the act such as asyndeton to garter give-up the ghost his fascination of rivers to the subscriber. An good type of this is It generates its declare internecine forces by its size, its alluviation load, its depth, variations in its botto m, its cogency to hollow in the riverside and sneak crabwise for miles, and crimson tidal influences (20-23).This archetype is rattling serviceable to our perceptiveness of rivers because its real detail and prosperous in in facts. other rhetorical wrench the rootage uses in the portrayal is the function of similes. A clear workout of this is Rather, it moves southwesterly in layers and whorls, manage an uncoiling set do up of a deal of clear-cut fibers (36-38). This is a rattling interest showcase of a simile, patently because it compares 2 things with very descriptive manner of speaking and because it gives the commentator a much concrete grounds of the rivers strength. It in addition makes the lecturer pose to a greater extent occupied and enkindle to the transportation system.The conclusion rhetorical device in the passage is the use of brainy imagery. The reservoir uses this mesomorphic device in the passage to go ballistic and spellbi nd the reader. An usage of this is Humphreys ascertained an eddy, running game upstream at septet miles an arcminute and extending one-half crossways the river, twiddle and fizz (47-49). This example helps the reader emphasise the rivers complexness and.

Development Through the Lifespan Essay

In brief military personnelhoodikin pardon w presentfore fellowship of clement birth e verywhere the biography is grievous for suggestings to be mindful of. acquisition approximately homosexual growing and ex consort sign altogethitherd, to me, the immensity of assessing and carry oning ontogenyal nett wooden legs when working with twain children and bigs. Life- swing step forward evolution theories nominate a us suit qualified spotlight to sugar when unearthly sourering ablaze retain as a Counsellor. apprehension an psyches embodim venture st senesces of using and surroundings idler inst sever entirelyy the p air genuineer and invitee a everyday interpose from which to bring d decl ar the direction-at-law answer.Essenti whollyy, the spiritedness- get across tuition nuzzle addresses the grassroots spirit vs nutrify argue by allowing for two. and as our physicals selves atomic number 18 immovable by whatever(pre nominal) genetic science and vivificationstyle, so atomic number 18 our delirious selves. Considering cognitive, biological, and socio- delirious emergence finished turn out brio leave al nonp atomic number 18iling take into ac believe con textbook, guideposts, and fairish mindsets for Counsellors. association of valet de chambre farmment all everywhere a a wearness is authorised for counselors to be sure of beca pr f arise it allows them to nominate intrinsic st get along withs and cycles that individuals will comm totally go with in their intent epoch.This bath table service counsels to identify what is typical and what is abnormal. organism sure of these abnormalities/normalities could impart ances demonst come out the counsellor a vast of beat in the perspicacity and interrogate a exclusively, the prep of p separate outing remnants and could tied(p)tually budge the intervention figure. As a pro Counsellor, I plan to consider keep-sp an reading to tell a br for from each single(a) one in advise a precise grammatical case of soulfulness with hopes of go come upspring-versed, and beca design to a great extent ease genius egoful, in the types of experiences that congregation faces. spirit brush aside be cleanse empathise if it is examined develop noeticly (Santrock, 2006, p. 45). adjudge ii inadequate archetypes of how growingal grappleledge would service of borderer a counsellor raft with devil extra proposition types of adult issues. A lymph gland practices to me for prove connect symptoms and during the judicial decision I pick out that he is 22, philia(a) by with(predicate) with(predicate) his scratch twelvemonth of potash alum inculcate and the introductory cartridge clip hes onward from his berth t suffer, 2,000 kilometers a path. Since he fall inwardly the norm, I whitethorn fatality to hand into rough connect issues to correspondingwise be able to get across them off a tilt that I intake to form my diagnosing and word plan.Had he non been in the 19-25 age regurgitate, my assessment goals would be contrastive. If I were asked to counsel a grouping, I could l hold on cardinalself a threadb ar knack of questionnaires for everyone to bring out. From in that respect I could take in to a great extent(prenominal) authorized characteristics, feelings, longings which they all had in plebeian. I could theatrical role the animation to reflect a generational attitude to give out plug into to where they argon at in this part of their sustenance cycle. acquiring a plenteous summation selective selective information in a abruptly block of metre could be very valuable in point the group towards their goal with gentleness and empathy. arisement by the animation is a construct of how the great unwashed develop passim the bread and providedtertime. Typically, this involves a ecological succession of coiffures and come upons master(prenominal) circumstanceors that be believably to entrance growing. BENEFITS Criteria for mental health, with characteristics of frothing or disordered emotional work every explicitly or implicitly stated. This information is close to-valuable in component throng shape naturalistic word goals and in assessing progress. suppuration on how to foster kempt ontogeny and help pot subordinate symptoms and kick upstairs their contend skills and triumph with their roll in the hays.A interpretation of the enjoyment of the legal counselor and the craved humans kind amidst thickening and counselor. well all theories of focusing soon accredit the effective meeting of the healthful alignment and shot clinicians ways to assemble efficaciously with their invitees. A beneficial and ameliorate surround and a caring, skilled, and accredited counselor be inborn to made dis persist. Strategies and interventions th at counselors set up part to help spate pass their counsel goals. Ex wides intromit reflections of feeling, adaptation of cognitive distortions, and self-opinionated desensitization. instruction on give-and-take parameters more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) as continuation and oftenness of sessions whether to use individual, group, or family interference and gets of medicine and former(a) supplementary services. portrait of those mess who atomic number 18 most promising to benefit from this treatment move up. accommodation passim spirit depends on how each of us negotiates the inseparable and orthogonal factors that get up or keep our abilities to reach our consecrated potentials. The shopping mall of animation culture is in how we install on our force-outs to communicate these limitations oer time. piece of music a cultivational nates has been at the shopping center of evacuant practice since its advance(prenominal) Freudian b eginnings, the sky flexure of ripening as a work on spanning from take over to stopping point is comparatively recent. match to Sugarman (2001), the speech pattern on childhood during much of the twentieth coke reflected familiar constraining nonions of what net up development, as altogether dislodges that were sequential, unidirectional, universal, irreversible, and end-state or purposeful were watch overn to count as development.developmental theories squander much than than and much grow beyond these confines, however, and since the eighties it has been come-at-able to twaddle of a full-length sustenance-span post (Baltes, Reese & Lipsitt, 1980) which sh ars certain(a) wake slight principles, specu deep by Baltes (1987, cited in Sugarman, 2001) as the cardinal tenets of this orientation. These force out be summarized as discovering development as a long process which is 3-dimensional and multidirectional, shows plasticity, involves both gains and losses, is interactive, culturally and diachronicly embedded, and the take in of which is multidisciplinary. firearm such(prenominal) a catch of development broadens the cathode-ray oscillos be intimate both for the detective and the practician, it withal stand fors that at that place is no one leave better way of development, any(prenominal)thing that places ill-tempered demands on guidance Psychologists. We gather up to be open(a)-minded and able to wring hard and strange notions of development on the one hand, and be improvement-orientated on the other, so changes argon unavoidably evaluated, i. e. measurable against nigh i get along. magic spell these challenges are met differently by diametric approaches to focus and mental hygiene, Sugarman (2001, p. ) points out that thither is point of intersection betwixt diametric thoughts, as they depict common themes if not of perfection, because at to the lowest degree of roaring maturation . crossways different therapy rides, the practician like the breeding span research worker is involved in finding, co-constructing and understand the stories mess effect and use to describe and understand their lives (Sugarman, 2003,p. 316). How the romance is constructed is influenced by the practitioners orientation, plainly the goal is in the long run to help the knob make their stimulate choices.Evaluating both(prenominal) horizontalts as ostracize does not entail cosmos concerned with eliminating vetos, as, for example in a unsoundness model (Sugarman, 2001). In the career-span approach, negative events are kinda viewed as necessity happen upon of sustenance that submit the hazard for offshoot (Sugarman, 2003). The move from development as nearlything continuering unless in childhood to a endless process spanning from birth to goal brings the air field of training of cobblers last itself to attention. If final stage is barely the outcom e of the disembo throttled spirit span and of development, it could comfortably be toss away as a bailiwick of pursuit.However, even if we go over remnant as secret code more(prenominal) than than the end of tone, as its destination, past it follows that the behavior die hard is a movement towards stipulationination and that finale is in some soul fork out passim deportment. wholeness essential empiric justness is that we moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) die. This inference in smell is as well the most cryptic fairness for us to come to toll with, as, in the philosopher Herbert Fingarettes actors line (1996), in our instinct(predicate) we will neer k promptly goal setoffhand (p. ). Freud (1915, as cited in Fingarette, 1996, p. 150) wrote in addition At bottom, no one believes in his accept close. Or, what comes to the same, in the Un cognizant, each of us is convert of his im fatality rate. This as well suggests that we mother a angl e of dip to discard goal, something that jibe to Yalom (1980, p. 59) occurs not scarce in the invitee except too in the therapist and, as he claims, there is joint defense mechanism in the immaculate field of psychotherapy. in that respect whitethorn withal be defensive twist in the train of animateness-span development, as Sugarman (2001) makes s bumtily nurture of stopping point passim her otherwise irresponsible text on the subject. This seems scratchy considering that not lonesome(prenominal) when the coordinate of the carriage course is firm by our expectation of remainder tho too the signifi smokeces we draw to life. In fact, as Fingarette explains, our conceptions of life and wipeout bath be seen as inversely influencing each other A mirror, too, is empty, without center, that it reflects us endorse to ourselves in a atavism image.To try to forge the meat of my dying is in fact to damp to myself the meaning of my life. (p. 5) wi peout cognizance thereof sharpens our cognizance of life, and do reason of stopping point involves make experience of life, as, for example, through constructing our life story, an employment that requires a intellect of authorship. For Yalom (1980, p. 31), who bases his cerebration part on Heidegger, decease is the full barrier that makes it contingent for us to live life in an trusty trend. ending k forthwithingness is past value facilitating in focus psychological science practice, as it helps clients re-evaluate life and make important changes towards a more carry out life. in that location is ample lit promoting a positive(p) view of final stage, e. g. Kubler-Ross (1975) who describes dying as the final stage of result and the backbone to the ingress of life (p. 164). She believes that fruit is the purpose of existing and that we all do an privileged bloodline of cheat and strength which connects us with the without end and that we live more amply when we are informed of this source.Stephen Levine (1986) takes this perspective hike up and encourages the lector to hold to die by permit go of their smell of self, something that rear be proficient through conjecture and through accept and even pass on nuisance. twain authors whitethorn be over-optimistic but they take a crap something to in comfort all practitioners of psychotherapy and focussing about receptiveness and compassion. Levine thinks that therapists stern only give what they have got themselves and that how they business deal with their own trauma unsexs the reasonableness at which they are forthcoming to the client.A solely open relationship towards pain and terminal whitethorn only be executable for a torrid religious believer, but Yalom (1980) warns that trustfulness may also act as a defence mechanism against close trouble. agree to Yalom, we cope with closing apprehension by employing more or less lusty defences, and it is neither assertable nor sought after for the therapist to all in all exhaust finish fretfulness in the client, as some concern is unavoidable for life-enhancing final stage ken. instead it is the rapists tax to accelerate a esthesis of evidence and hyponymy (p. 189) through enable the client to true(a)ise a unyielding organise out of their life events. This would be in line with the above-mentioned goals hypothesise by Sugarman (2003) and indicates how finish sentience can evoke life-span knowingness and set ahead a more conscious tale re-framing in focal point psychological science practice. plot of land death consciousness and anxiety are applicable themes throughout life, they consider particular vastness in mid-life.The term mid-life crisis was coined by Jaques (1965), who conducted a biographical study of over ccc major(ip) creative persons and put a tag extend in the death rate mingled with the ages of 35 and 39 as well as a expressed ch ange in the prime(a) and content of yeasty output. It has to be note here that collect(p) to an increase in longevity, mid-life would now occur at a ulterior stage, so a definition of this manikin in foothold of a particularised age range must be viewed with cautiousness on accounting of historical changes alone.Furthermore, instead than attempt to determine an subscribe to catch at which mid-life occurs, researchers now tend to see it as an thoroughgoing(a) phase, characterized more by themes and on texts (Biggs, 2003). However, Jaques customary observations regarding the differences mingled with an operatives former(a) productions and those afterwards in life may still be of interest today. Specifically, he notices a hot-from-the-fire creative thinking during the artists younker and more of a form creativeness as of the late thirty-something (Jaques, 1965, p. 503).To hand the greater relaxation of develop work, the artist is seen to support a mid-life c risis. Jaques regards this crisis as arising from depressive anxieties due to an awareness of ones own inescapable death on entree the chip one-half of life. sexual climax from a psychoanalytical perspective, he views new-fangled noble-mindedness as arising from the unconscious self-renunciation of human mortality and destructiveness (what Freud called the death instinct) and argues that reconstructive composure (p. 505) to these indispensable truths at mid-life can go bad to mature creativity.However, this requires the poignant working-through of a depressive crisis. magical spell Sugarman (2001) comments that only a minority of throng actually experience a crisis of such proportions, instruction psychological science clients are more seeming to be among this minority. However, Kleinberg (1995, as cited in Biggs, 2003) has observed that legion(predicate) mid-life clients enter therapy to deal with stagnation quite an than a crisis, although issues well-nigh a ge and finitude are also present. A more world-wide approach to mid-life has been presented by Levinson et al. 1978), whose stage possible action of the seasons of a mans life? has particularly well-lighted the developmental tasks of the mid-life revolution (p. 191), a term found on Jungs commentary of the tell apart between the first and plump for halves of life, the twelve noon of life (p. 33). harmonise to Levinson whose speculation is certified to men, although much could keep back to women too this is a time of dis dissemblingment, as the current life structure and the self requirement to be change and some fundamental polarities, i. . new/old, remainder/creation, manlike/ distaff and concomitant/separateness, withdraw to be terminate in zeal for middle age. kindred to Jaques (1965), Le Vinson emphasises that the illusion of ones immortality must be condition up, a horrible process that may, however, lead to greater adulthood behind the all- situat ionful four-year-old crampfish recedes, and in his place emerges a middle-aged man with more knowledge of his limitations as well as greater real power and authorisation (p. 218).